Библиотека · Общественное достояние

О специальной и общейтеории относительности

Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Gemeinverständlich)

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Собственное изложение теории относительности Эйнштейном, написанное в 1916 году для читателей без высшей математики: что значат пространство, время и движение, если скорость света одна для всех.

Это пробная часть: 4 из 29 (параграфы). · Сделано за 170 мин

Из лекций

Axioms support a chain of logical steps leading to a theorem, while an inset shows two points joined by the straight line specified by the rules.
When Is a Theorem True?

What a Proof Establishes

Think of geometry as a building. Its foundations are a few basic ideas, point, straight line, plane, and a few simple statements about them, the axioms, which we accept because they feel obvious.

An ideal segment corresponds to two marks on a rigid rod whose separation survives movement, allowing a geometric prediction to be compared with a real measurement.
When Is a Theorem True?

From Geometry to Physical Test

Why then does the theorem feel so true at the table? Because the ideas of geometry grew out of real objects in the first place.

A ground reference point supports a pole reaching a cloud, while two ground viewpoints show how the same height can be determined without building the pole.
Where Is the Cloud?

Reaching the Cloud

Now the question of where. Every statement of where something is, Einstein says, names the point of some rigid body that the thing coincides with. That rigid body is the reference body, and everyday speech works this way as much as science does.

A point inside a three-sided room has three perpendicular distances to the two walls and floor, with unit rods showing how each distance is defined.
Where Is the Cloud?

Three Distances Fix a Point

Physics does so with the coordinate system: picture two walls and the floor meeting in the corner of a room, three flat rigid surfaces at right angles, joined into one rigid body. Any point in the room is fixed by three distances, how far it is from one wall, from the other wall, and above the floor.

Two reference-frame paths carry locally recorded clock readings, while a light signal shows why seeing the stone is not instantaneous.
One Stone, Two Paths

Places Paired With Clock Readings

We must also say when the stone is at each point of the path, and those times, Einstein insists, must be things that can be measured, not numbers assumed out of the air.

Two panels: on the left a star circles the pole in a frame fixed to the turning Earth, on the right the same star stands still while the small Earth turns in a frame fixed to the stars.
Which Reference Bodies Are Allowed?

Earth-Fixed Versus Galilean

Motion may then be referred only to reference bodies with respect to which the fixed stars do not circle. Such a reference body, one in which the law of inertia holds, he calls a Galilean coordinate system, and the mechanics of Galileo and Newton claims to be valid only for those.

Как это сделано

Примеры для: a curious adult with school physics; add one modern instance per idea, such as GPS satellite clocks

Источник

Лекции пересказывают немецкого текст: Project Gutenberg #77850, the 1917 Vieweg edition. Автор умер в 1955 году; произведение перешло в общественное достояние. Пересказ, рисунки и голос сделаны ИИ и сверены с книгой второй моделью; вручную ничего не правилось. Как используется ИИ.

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