Библиотека · Общественное достояние

О специальной и общейтеории относительности

Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Gemeinverständlich)

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Собственное изложение теории относительности Эйнштейном, написанное в 1916 году для читателей без высшей математики: что значат пространство, время и движение, если скорость света одна для всех.

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Из лекций

Basic geometric objects and axioms lead through proof to a theorem inside a boundary labelled pure geometry, with two points determining one straight line.
Is Pythagoras True?

What a proof establishes

Consider how geometry is put together. It starts from a few basic ideas, such as point, straight line and plane, which we picture more or less clearly, and from a few simple statements about them, the axioms, which we accept because the pictures make them feel obvious.

An ideal segment corresponds to marks on a rod, while a top view shows an eye moving into line with three pencils until the nearest hides the others.
Is Pythagoras True?

Straightness tested by sight

Why, then, do we feel so sure that the theorems are true? Because the ideas of geometry grew out of objects in nature, which correspond to them more or less exactly.

A marked rod preserves its endpoint distance when moved, connecting a geometric prediction of five centimetres to a matching physical measurement.
Is Pythagoras True?

Geometry becomes a physical test

Now comes the decisive step, and it is a single added sentence. To Euclid's theorems we add the statement that two points of a practically rigid body always correspond to the same segment, the same distance, however we move the body about.

A point inside a three-plane corner has three perpendicular distances to the planes, and moving the point changes those distances without changing the corner.
Where Is the Cloud?

Three Distances Fix a Place

Measuring physics does so with the Cartesian coordinate system, named after Descartes. Picture three rigid flat walls, each at right angles to the other two and joined into one rigid body, like two walls and the floor meeting in the corner of a room.

Matching clock ticks identify corresponding positions on the two stone paths, while a separate inset shows light taking time to reach an observer.
One Stone, Two Paths

Pairing Places With Clock Ticks

A path with its reference body named is still not a complete description of motion. We must also say how the body changes its place with time: for every point of the path, at what time the body is there.

Two panels: on the left a star circles the pole in a frame fixed to the turning Earth, on the right the same star stands still while the small Earth turns in a frame fixed to the stars.
Which Reference Bodies Are Allowed?

Earth-Fixed Versus Galilean

The visible fixed stars are bodies to which the law of inertia should apply with great accuracy, since nothing is farther from everything else. Take a coordinate system rigidly attached to the Earth, the three walls fixed to the ground.

Как это сделано

Примеры для: a curious adult with school physics; add one modern instance per idea, such as GPS satellite clocks

Источник

Лекции пересказывают немецкого текст: Project Gutenberg #77850, the 1917 Vieweg edition. Автор умер в 1955 году; произведение перешло в общественное достояние. Пересказ, рисунки и голос сделаны ИИ и сверены с книгой второй моделью; вручную ничего не правилось. Как используется ИИ.

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