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The focal length f′ of a system is the distance from its rear principal plane H′ to the rear focal point F′. For a thin lens in air it is determined by the radii of curvature r₁, r₂ of its surfaces and the refractive index n of the glass: 1/f′ = (n − 1)(1/r₁ − 1/r₂).
A lens is stronger when its glass is denser and its surfaces are more curved. Take ordinary glass, in which light travels one and a half times slower than in air, and curve both sides like a ball twenty centimetres across. Work it through and the focal length comes out at about ten centimetres: sunlight gathers into a point a palm's width behind the lens.
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A lens is stronger when its glass is denser and its surfaces are more curved. Take ordinary glass, in which light travels one and a half times slower than in air, and curve both sides like a ball twenty centimetres across. Work it through and the focal length comes out at about ten centimetres: sunlight gathers into a point a palm’s width behind the lens.
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Question 1 of 3
You swap a lens for one of the same shape made of denser glass. What happens to the point where sunlight gathers?
Ordinary glass, in which light travels one and a half times slower than in air. Both sides are curved like a ball twenty centimetres across. How far behind the lens does sunlight gather?
The same glass, but now one side is flat and only the other is curved. Where does the light gather?
Chapter 2. The thin lens · pages 41–44
Starts at: «The focal length f′ of a system is the distance from its rear principal plane H′ to the rear focal point F′…»
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The first thing to know about a lens is how hard it bends light. Hold a magnifying glass in the sun: the rays arrive side by side, leave it leaning towards one another, and a little way behind the glass they meet in a bright dot. The distance from the glass to that dot is the focal length, and nearly everything else about the lens follows from it.
A lens is stronger when its glass is denser and its surfaces are more curved. Take ordinary glass, in which light travels one and a half times slower than in air, and curve both sides like a ball twenty centimetres across. Work it through and the focal length comes out at about ten centimetres: sunlight gathers into a point a palm's width behind the lens.
The book writes this as a formula, and we will come to it in a moment. It says no more than what we have just seen: denser glass or more curved surfaces, and the focal length gets shorter.

The distance from the glass to that dot is the focal length, and nearly everything else about the lens follows from it.
A lens is stronger when its glass is denser and its surfaces are more curved.
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