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College Physics

College Physics 2e

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The free textbook used by millions of first-year physics students. Its first chapter is about how physics measures the world: units, powers of ten, converting one unit into another, accuracy, significant figures and quick estimates.

This is a sample: 1 of 34 chapters.

From the lectures

Four boxes in a row, energy, matter, space and time, joined to a phone outline below whose circuit lines are drawn inside it.
Physics: An Introduction

What physics describes

Science consists of the theories and laws that are the general truths of nature as well as the body of knowledge they encompass. Scientists are continually trying to expand this body of knowledge and to perfect the expression of the laws that describe it.

A loop: a law or theory makes a prediction, an experiment tests it; a tick keeps the law, a cross sends it back to be modified.
Models, Theories, and Laws; The Role of Experimentation

Prediction meets experiment

Models, theories, and laws are used to help scientists analyze the data they have already collected. However, often after a model, theory, or law has been developed, it points scientists toward new discoveries they would not otherwise have made.

A metal cylinder kept under a glass dome, with specks of dirt settling on it; an arrow to the 2019 definition based on Planck's constant h.
The Second, the Meter, and the Kilogram

Defining the kilogram

The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (abbreviated kg); it was previously defined to be the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept with the old meter standard at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris.

10.0 km in 20.0 min gives 0.500 km/min; multiplying by 60 min per hour gives 30.0 km/h, with the minutes cancelling.
Known Ranges and Unit Conversion

A drive home: 30.0 km/h

Example: unit conversions, a short drive home. Suppose that you drive the 10.0 km from your school to home in 20.0 min. Calculate your average speed (a) in kilometers per hour (km/h) and (b) in meters per second (m/s). (Note: Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel.) Strategy.

A thermometer reading 37.0 °C with an uncertainty band from 34.0 °C, hypothermia, to 40.0 °C, dangerous fever.
Accuracy, Precision, and Uncertainty

A thermometer that is useless

Making connections: fevers or chills? Uncertainty is a critical piece of information, both in physics and in many other real-world applications. Imagine you are caring for a sick child. You suspect the child has a fever, so you check their temperature with a thermometer.

A stack of 100 bills 6 in by 3 in by 0.5 in has volume 9 in³; a trillion dollars is 10¹² / 10⁴ = 10⁸ such stacks.
Approximation

A trillion dollars in stacks

Example: approximating vast numbers, a trillion dollars. A bank stack contains one hundred $100 bills, and is worth $10,000. The U.S. federal debt in 2021 was a little more than $28 trillion. Most of us do not have any concept of how much even one trillion actually is.

How it was made

Examples for: a curious adult with school maths; add one modern instance per idea, such as a phone, a GPS, a kitchen scale, a car speedometer or a medicine dose

The source

The lectures retell the English text of OpenStax College Physics 2e, CC BY 4.0 edition (GitHub openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle at f98d7a792138) by Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs (OpenStax), published under an open licence that allows retelling and translation. The retelling, the drawings and the voice are made by AI and checked against the book by a second model. How AI is used.

The lectures adapt the original and are released under the same licence, free to share and adapt with credit to the author and a link to this page: CC BY 4.0

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