Библиотека · Общественное достояние

Собрание статейСринивасы Рамануджана

Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan

Иллюстрация к книге

Выберите версию

Один и тот же текст на каждом уровне, на всех языках и во всех оформлениях, что здесь есть. Выберите, потом слушайте или скачивайте.

Слушать и смотреть

Тот же плеер, который продукт даёт для вашей книги: голос, рисунки по мере того, как они рисуются, текст.

Первая статья, которую гений-самоучка опубликовал в 23 года в Мадрасе: странные закономерности чисел Бернулли, чисел, стоящих за суммами степеней. Большинство его утверждений верны, некоторые — догадки, одно ложно; лекции показывают, какое есть какое.

Это пробная часть: 1 из 37 (статьи).

Из лекций

Two bars compare the work: equations two to four with n over two terms, equation eight with about n over four; a check for n = 6 sums to zero.
Making Half the Terms Vanish

Half the terms of before

Matching coefficients as before gives equation eight, for even n greater than 2: c₂Bₙ₋₂/2 − c₆Bₙ₋₆/2³ + c₁₀Bₙ₋₁₀/2⁵ − ⋯ + (n/2^((n+2)/2))(−1)^(n/4) = 0, the sign being (−1)^(n/4) when n is a multiple of 4 and (−1)^((n−2)/4) when n minus 2 is.

A bar chart of the size of B2 to B40 on a power-of-ten scale: tiny fractions first, about 529 at index 20, then about 2 times 10 to the 16 at index 40.
A Formula to Check the Work, and the Table

Twenty values: small, then enormous

Carrying on this way, he lists twenty values, from B₂ = 1/6 to B₄₀. They stay small at first, B₁₄ = 7/6, then climb fast: B₂₀ = 174611/330, about 529, and B₄₀ has a numerator of 21 digits over a denominator of only 13530.

A number line from 6084 to 6244; the clues leave 6137 17/138 and 6192 17/138; 846923 = 7 × 17 × 7117 is rejected; 854513 = 11 × 131 × 593 is kept, though its quotient is not prime.
The Fraction Part, and a Number Pinned From Its Size

Two survivors out of 160

Section ten puts these together. Suppose all you know is that B₂₂ lies between 6084 and 6244. Its fractional part must be 17/138, its numerator must be divisible by 11, and B₂₂ − 11/6 must be divisible by 5. Among the 160 whole numbers in that range only two survive: 6137 17/138 and 6192 17/138.

Equation thirty-four: Bₙ = n(n − 1)/(4π²) · Bₙ₋₂ times factors near 1; result thirty-five: the ratio approaches n(n − 1)/(4π²); the ladder: for B₁₆, 6.079 × 7/6 ≈ 7.09, between 7 and 8, plus 47/510 gives 3617/510; up to B₂₀ = 174611/330.
How Many Digits, and the Next Value From the Last

A ladder of ratios

Section fourteen compares neighbours. Dividing equation twenty-four for n by the same for n minus 2 gives equation thirty-four: Bₙ = (n(n − 1)/(4π²)) Bₙ₋₂ (1 − (2² − 1)/(2ⁿ − 1))(1 − (3² − 1)/(3ⁿ − 1))⋯.

The tangent and cosecant replace the cotangent; equation thirty-six (4/3)Bₙ(2ⁿ − 1) = c₆Bₙ₋₆(2ⁿ⁻⁶ − 1) − ⋯ + ⅓n or ⅙n; at n = 6: (4/3)(1/42)(63) = 2 = ⅓·6; equation thirty-seven at n = 5 gives 5/6 on both sides; one-, two-, three-interval formulas, and p-th roots give p-interval formulas.
A Giant Described, and Five-Way Sieves

Tangent, cosecant, intervals

Section sixteen notes that the tangent and the cosecant can replace the cotangent. One result is equation thirty-six: (4/3)Bₙ(2ⁿ − 1) = c₆Bₙ₋₆(2ⁿ⁻⁶ − 1) − c₁₂Bₙ₋₁₂(2ⁿ⁻¹² − 1) + ⋯, plus a last term ⅓n or ⅙n with a sign. For n equal to 6: (4/3) × (1/42) × 63 = 2, and the last term is ⅓ × 6 = 2.

The editors' note: B₂ₙ for the usual Bₙ, cₖ the binomial coefficient, equation twelve for odd n > 1; the derivations after (27) and (29) are invalid because a series diverges; statement twenty is von Staudt–Clausen and sixteen was known to Euler; statements 16, 20, 21 have proofs resting on unproved (28), (30), (32); 17 and 18 are corollaries; 14, 15 and 19 are conjectures.
Four-Way Sieves, and the Editors' Verdict

The editors sort the claims

The book then adds a note from the editors of the collected papers, and it is worth reading closely, because it sorts everything we have met by its status. First, small clarifications: Ramanujan writes B₂ₙ where most books write Bₙ, and cₖ is the binomial coefficient n!/(k!(n − k)!).

Как это сделано

Примеры для: a curious adult with school maths who likes number puzzles and knows Ramanujan's story; add one modern instance per idea, such as a calculator, computer algebra or cryptography

Источник

Лекции пересказывают английского текст: the Cambridge 1927 edition (Internet Archive pli.kerala.rare.28155). Автор умер в 1920 году; произведение перешло в общественное достояние. Пересказ, рисунки и голос сделаны ИИ и сверены с книгой второй моделью; вручную ничего не правилось. Как используется ИИ.

Лекции можно свободно читать, делиться ими и цитировать со ссылкой на эту страницу.

Ваша трудная книга — так же

Загрузите учебник или любую сложную книгу. Первые пять минут бесплатно.

Загрузить книгу