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Физика для колледжа

College Physics 2e

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Бесплатный учебник, по которому учатся миллионы студентов-первокурсников. Первая глава о том, как физика измеряет мир: единицы, степени десяти, перевод единиц, точность, значащие цифры и быстрые оценки.

Это пробная часть: 1 из 34 (главы).

Из лекций

A central PHYSICS box with arrows to four small icons: an airplane for a pilot, a bent leg for a physical therapist, a plug for an electrician and a laptop for a programmer.
Physics Is Closer Than You Think

Jobs that use physics

The third piece of evidence is people's work. Trains that float above their tracks, cloaks that bend light around themselves, and tiny robots that fight cancer cells all rest on the principles of physics. But so do ordinary jobs.

The equation F = m a; a trolley of 20 kg accelerating at 2 m/s² needs 40 N; at 40 kg the same acceleration needs 80 N.
Laws, Predictions and the Scientific Method

Newton's second law, F = ma

Now the law. A law describes a general pattern in nature in concise language, backed by evidence and repeated experiments, and it can often be written as a single equation. The book's example is Newton's second law of motion: F = ma.

A scale of powers of ten from a nucleus to a galaxy above four boxes: length, mass, time and electric current.
Very Fast, Very Small, and the Need for Units

Four fundamental quantities

Now the new section: physical quantities and units. The book opens with a striking picture of the Earth and the Moon, and notes that the distance between them, immense as it seems, is a tiny fraction of the distances to other bodies in the sky.

800 = 8 × 10² and 450 = 4.5 × 10² share the order 10²; an atom of 10⁻¹⁰ m and the Sun of 10⁹ m differ by 10⁹ / 10⁻¹⁰ = 10¹⁹.
Prefixes and Orders of Magnitude

Orders of magnitude

Powers of ten also measure the scale of a number, its order of magnitude. Any number can be written as a number times a power of ten. 800 = 8 × 10², and 450 = 4.5 × 10². Both carry the factor 10², so they share the same order of magnitude.

Two bull's-eye targets: on the left the dots are spread widely around the centre, accurate but not precise; on the right they are tightly bunched away from the centre, precise but not accurate.
Volume from Length, and Two Kinds of Good

Two GPS targets

Weigh the same apple five times on a kitchen scale, lifting it off and putting it back each time. Write down each reading and subtract the smallest from the largest: that range is your scale's precision for this job.

A person 2 m tall, one story as two people, and a tall building of 39 stories; 2 m × 2 × 39 = 156 m.
Approximation: How High Is a Trillion Dollars?

A 39-story building in people

The first example: estimate the height of a 39-storey building. The strategy is to scale up from something familiar, the height of a person. An adult is about 2 m tall, and one storey is about the height of two adults. So the estimate is 2 m/person × 2 persons/storey × 39 storeys = 156 m.

Как это сделано

Примеры для: a curious adult with school maths; add one modern instance per idea, such as a phone, a GPS, a kitchen scale, a car speedometer or a medicine dose

Источник

Лекции пересказывают с английского оригинала книгу OpenStax College Physics 2e, CC BY 4.0 edition (GitHub openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle at f98d7a792138), автор — Пол Питер Уроне, Роджер Хинрикс (OpenStax); книга вышла под открытой лицензией, которая разрешает пересказ и перевод. Пересказ, рисунки и голос сделаны ИИ и сверены с книгой второй моделью. Как используется ИИ.

Лекции — переработка оригинала и распространяются под той же лицензией: их можно свободно распространять и перерабатывать с указанием автора и ссылкой на эту страницу: CC BY 4.0

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