Основы химии
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Учебник, в котором Менделеев впервые изложил периодический закон, в последнем прижизненном издании. Введение спрашивает, что меняется, когда одно вещество превращается в другое, и что остаётся: вес на весах Лавуазье, элементы, постоянные пропорции, в которых они соединяются.
Это пробная часть: 1 из 25 (главы).
Go back to the burning log. If you could catch all the smoke and weigh it, you would find that the gases weigh more than the wood did, because the wood has combined with part of the air. The acorn grows into an oak by taking gases from the air and water with dissolved substances from the soil.
A third experiment shows a swap, and this time with numbers. Dissolve common salt in water, and dissolve silver nitrate, which was once used to cauterise wounds, in another glass. Pour the two clear solutions together, and at once a white powder appears and sinks to the bottom.
The air left in the bell was strange. It would not turn any metal into scale, and it supported neither burning nor breathing. A lit splinter plunged into it went out at once, in Lavoisier's own words, as if it had been dipped into water.
Now to the real question: what drives substances to combine, and what then holds them together? Each element has its own character. Sulphur combines easily with metals, with oxygen, with chlorine and with carbon; gold and silver combine reluctantly, and many of their compounds fall apart when heated.
Mendeleev's next distinction is between reactions that can run backwards and those that cannot. Salt dissolves in water, and at the same temperature the solution can give back salt as the water evaporates.
Heat is not the only thing that sways reactions. An electric current does much the same: it splits most compounds that conduct it, and near those conditions it can also make substances combine. Its great advantage is that it works at room temperature and can split even the most stubborn compounds.
Примеры для: a curious adult with school chemistry; add one modern instance per idea, such as a kitchen, a battery, a lab scale or a factory
Лекции пересказывают русского текст: the 7th edition, St Petersburg 1903 (Internet Archive 20200627_mendeleev_basic). Автор умер в 1907 году; произведение перешло в общественное достояние. Пересказ, рисунки и голос сделаны ИИ и сверены с книгой второй моделью; вручную ничего не правилось. Как используется ИИ.
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